P

Must convince your discourse community of the contribution

your work makes to the field

A

Is a colleague who wants to know what meaning your work has

I

*Explains theoretical/practical significance of your findings, but

does not repeat Results section

*Compares your work with previous work

*Discusses exceptions, lack of correlation, uncertain points, limitations

*States conclusions clearly with the reasons for them

L

*Uses language that is clear and concise

*Uses information flow patterns that are logical and easy to follow

*Ends on a positive note emphasizing the value of your research

(Do not end with a discussion of research that is not your own!)

P. 1 

Restates focus of study without repeating information given in Introduction 

Use of past and present tenses 

P. 2 

Presents the hypothesis of the study and reason for it 

Use of modal verb and present tense 

P. 3 & 4 

Discusses importance of what was done in relation to other work in the field and gives supporting reasons 

Use of present tense and modal verbs 

P. 5 

Points out exceptions, problems, limitations of the work 

Use of modal verbs and present tense 

P. 6 

Finishes with restatement of main conclusion and importance of findings 

Use of present tense and modal verbs 

1 

At the first step for accurate quantification of AAA, we prepared an antibody against the recombinant VAC expressed in S. cerevisiae. 

2 

Behavior switching is quite important for realizing a combinatorial power in cooperating multi-robot systems. 

3 

In this study, we determined the activities of Ca²⁺-ATPase and the Ca²⁺/H⁺ antiporter in the same preparation of vacuolar membranes and demonstrated the presence of the antiporter by immunoblotting. 

4 

In this study, we have shown that the addition of 20 mM Man to the culture medium raises the intracellular level of free KDN in COS-7 and B16 cells 47- and 66-fold, respectively. 

5 

The OLETF rat was established by KKK et al. as an obese NIDDM animal model. 

6 

This study was done to purify and characterize the vacuolar membrane pyrophosphatase. 

7 

Vacuolar H⁺-PPase is an attractive enzyme with a simple structure compared with other types of proton pumps. 

8 

We studied the effect of both positive and negative portal venous and hepatic arterial glucose gradients on the net hepatic glucose balance under conditions in which the same amount of glucose was administered into the portal vein and/or hepatic artery in conscious dogs. 

1 

Our in vivo evidence confirms that both hormonal and neural effects on the liver are necessary to achieve maximal rates of NHGU. 

2 

The enhanced synthesis of free KDN was dependent on the amount of intracellular MM, thus indicating that MM plays an important role as a precursor in the synthesis of KDN in these mammalian cells. 

3 

The present study indicated that at 8 weeks, the ..., while there was no significant difference in ... 

4 

The present study revealed two functions of the 73-kDa protein: PP_i hydrolysis and proton translocation across the vacuolar membrane. 

5 

This is the first demonstration that PPP uncouples both VVV and HHH of plant vacuoles. 

6 

This paper introduced a different aspect of the dynamic nature of cooperative tasks and proposed that common resource recognition is essential in dynamic cooperative task patterns. This is quite a novel concept and has not been recognized in previous work on cooperative robots. 

1 

From the high affinity of the enzyme with Mg²⁺, we speculate that the active site pocket is high negatively charged. Thus, cytoplasmic loop containing... is a good candidate for the main chain of the active site. 

2 

It is possible, however, based upon our new finding of the Man-dependent expression of KDN in mammalian cells, that an altered metabolism of Man could be related to the altered expression of KDN in these mammalian cells and tissues. 

3 

Possible defect(s) in glucose and lipid metabolisms that increase the plasma FFA levels might lead to hepatic insulin resistance in the NIDDM rat model. 

4 

The coexistence of Ca²⁺-ATPase and the Ca²⁺/H⁺ antiporter may represent a redundant system for Ca²⁺ sequestration in plant cells, because ... 

5 

The results suggest that the nucleotides and pyrophosphate may compete for Mg²⁺ in the reaction medium. 

6 

Therefore, the carboxyl terminus is thought to face the cytosol. 

1 

At present, the molecular mechanisms and physiological significance of stimulation by K⁺ and inhibition by the nucleotides are not clear, but these properties can be used to distinguish.... 

2 

Further studies to analyze the effect of the hepatic nerve on hepatic glucose uptake are required. 

3 

Further study of the enzyme at molecular and cell biological levels may shed more light on the structure-function relationship and the functional significance of the tonoplast pyrophosphatase. 

4 

This study design did not allow us to evaluate insulin sensitivity in a quantitative manner, but, so far as we could determine, there was no major alteration in the liver’s response to insulin. 

5 

To clarify the functional domain and catalytic residues of H⁺-PPase by site-directed mutagenesis, we must establish an expression system in Escherichia coli or yeast. 

6 

We are currently performing studies to determine and compare the levels of the transcripts between the two Ca²⁺ transporters in various tissues, including... 

7 

Whether elevated plasma FFA levels can lead to these impairments of hepatic glucose handling remains to be clarified. 

1 

Furthermore, the current results demonstrate, as did our previous studies, that ... 

2 

In conclusion, we propose the schematic model of the membrane topology of H⁺-PPase shown in Fig. 9. 

3 

In conclusion, when glucose was infused into ..., the liver took up a large amount of administered glucose regardless of a positive or negative portal venous and hepatic arterial glucose gradient. 

4 

In summary, the present findings demonstrate that HGP is increased and HGU is decreased in the obese NNN rat model much earlier than the appearance of insulin resistance in peripheral tissue. 

5 

The present work shows that the tonoplast pyrophosphatase exists as a major component of the vacuolar membrane with high enzymatic activity. 

Sample A 

Sample B 

Result and discussion

Chemical oxidation dispersion polymerization of Xy was carried out in

aqueous medium with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant and

polyvinylalcohol as a stabilizar under the condition listed in table 1. Figure 1 shows a time-pH curve of the chemical oxidative dispersion polymerization of Xy in aqueous medium. This result indicated that the pH value of the system decreased as the polymerization process so that 

protons were released from Xy molecules during polymerization. This means that there is possibility that the reaction mechanism change because of changing the degree of ionization of Xy. So we carried out the polymerization of Xy with adding KOH aq. solution from a pH stat in

order to keep the pH value of the system constant. This pH stat measurement is advantageous to analyze the polymerization mechanism of Xy because it is in situ monitoring and keep constant the pH during polymerization in the system. In order to analyze polymerization mechanism, we calculated an amount of proton release from an amount of KOH aq. solution. 

Results and discussion

Chemical oxidation dispersion polymerization of Xy was carried out in aqueous medium with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant and polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizerunder the conditions listed in Table 1. Figure 1 shows thetime-pH curve of the chemical oxidative dispersion polymerization of Xy in aqueous medium. This result indicated that the pH value of the system decreased as the polymerization progressed so that protons were released from Xy molecules during polymerization. This means that the reaction mechanism may change because of a change in the degree of ionization of Xy. We thuscarried out the polymerization of Xy with addition of KOH aq. solution from a pH stat in order to keep the pH value of the system constant. This pH stat measurement is advantageous when studying the polymerization mechanism of Xy because it is in situ monitoring and can keep the pH constant during polymerization in the system. In order to analyze thepolymerization mechanism, we calculated the amount of proton released with different amountsof KOH aq. solution. 

Sample C

Sample D

Fig. 2 shows....These results that hollow polymer particles were produced at high content of P(S-MMA) in DVB/toluene droplets were similar to those obtained with PS and Pn-BMA in previous articles [15,16]. 

Fig. 2 shows...These results of hollow polymer particles being produced at a high content of P(S-MMA) in DBV/toluene droplets are similar to those obtained with PS and Pn-BMA in previous studies [15,16].