1. Translate the following words into Chinese:

  1) the fundamental concepts of stress and strain

  2) constant cross section

  3) the internal stresses produced in the bar

  4) analogous to the continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure

  5) the tensile load

  6) a uniform distribution over the cross section

  7) arbitrary cross-sectional shape

  8) tensile stresses

  9) compressive stresses

  10) a normal stress

  11) through the centroid of the cross sectional area

  12) the uniform stress condition

  13) the stress distribution at the ends of the bar

  14) high localized stresses

  15) an axially loaded bar

  16) a tensile strain

  17) an elongation or stretching of the material

  18) a compressive strain

  19) the ratio of two lengths

  20) purely statical and geometrical considerations

2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

  1) That branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.

  2) For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.

  3) Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.

  4) All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.

  5) The rigid-body assumption cannot be used internal stresses and strains due to the applied forced to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming.

  6) If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.

3. Answer the following questions:

  1) What is the fundamental concept of stress?

  2) What is strain?

  3) Introduce the units of stress.

  4) How does high localized stress result in?

  5) What does an axially loaded bar undergo?

  6) What types of strains belong to normal strains?