1.When SI units are used, force is expressed in newtons (N) and area in square meters (m2).
采用国际单位制时,力用牛顿(N)表示,面积用平方米(m2)表示。
SI是国际单位制的简称,其全称是Systeme International d’Unites,这是法语。
2. When using USCS units, stress is customarily expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or kips per square inch (ksi).
当用美国单位制时,应力通常用磅/平方英寸(psi)或千磅/平方英寸(ksi)表示。
USCS是美国单位制的简称,其全称是United States Code System。
3. It is usually safe to assume that the formula σ =P/A may be used with good accuracy at any point within the bar that is at least a distance daway from the ends, where dis the largest transverse dimension of the bar (see Fig. 1-1a).
假设σ =P/A公式 较好地用于杆件内部离开两端一个距离d的地方,这通常是安全的,此处d为杆的最大横向尺寸(图1-1a)。
1) 本句中,it是形式主语,真正主语是不定式短语to assume …the bar (see Fig. 1-1a)。
2) 在主语中,第一个that引导的是动词assume的宾语从句,第二个that引导的是定语从句修饰名词point,介词短语within the bar作定语修饰point。
3) where d is the largest transverse dimension of the bar 作状语从句,对全句作补充说明。
4. The principal requirement is that the deformation of the bar be uniform, which in turn requires that the bar be prismatic, the loads act through the centroids ( 质心)of the cross sections, and the material be homogeneous (that is, the same throughout all parts of the bar).
主要的要求是棒的变形是均匀的,同时要求棒料是等截面杆、载荷通过横截面形心、材料是均质的(即杆件的所有部分相同)。
1) 该句为一主从复合句,主句的结构是“主语 + 系动词 + 表语”,表语是由第一个that引导的表语从句that the deformation of the bar be uniform,表语从句中的谓语使用虚拟语气。
2) which in turn …be homogeneous (that is, the same throughout all parts of the bar)是非限制性定语从句,修饰主句。
3)在which引导的非限制性定语从句中,that引导了三个并列的宾语从句,作动词requires的宾语,三个宾语从句的谓语都采用了虚拟语气。

