形容词和副词（Adjectives & Adverbs）
一、形容词的用法
作前置或后置定语。如:
She is a beautiful girl. / He is a famous singer. / He is the greatest writer alive. / This is the best means possible.
大多数形容词都作前置定语，但是有些形容词或在特定的结构中只能后置。如(1) 由前缀a-构成的形容词作定语时要后置，这类形容词包括afraid, awake, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone等。如：
He is the only man awake at that time. / The girl asleep is my sister.
(2) 修饰由no, some, any, every构成的复合不定代词的形容词要后置。如：
something important / nothing wrong / someone reliable / nobody present
2. 作表语，用于系动词be, grow, become, remain等和感官动词see, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel等之后。如：I feel sick. / It is possible that he will come. / The apples taste sweet. / The news proves correct.
3. 作补语：形容词可作主语补足语或宾语补足语。如：
(1) The man was knocked senseless. (主语补足语)
(2) He died young. (主语补足语)
(3) The news made her very sad. (宾语补足语)
(4) They consider her intelligent. (宾语补足语)
(5) They picked the grapes ripe.(宾语补足语)
4. 作状语：形容词或形容词短语可作状语，可以看作是“being+形容词”结构或when, if, because等从句的省略，表示时间、方式、原因、伴随、让步、强调、条件等，或对主语进行解释或补充，或进行强调。如：
(1) Alice tiptoed to the bed, careful not to wake her mother. (方式)
(2) Large or small, all countries are equal.(让步)
(3) Eager to catch the early bus, he got up at four. (原因)
(4) Breathless, she rushed into the classroom. (伴随状态)
(5) Kind-hearted and beautiful, she has a lot of friends. (对主语的补充说明)
5. 作主语或宾语：形容词有时可用作名词。如：
(1) Rich or poor meant the same to her.
(2) They cannot tell right from wrong.
(3) The young should respect the old.
二、副词的构成与用法
1. 副词的构成
(1) 大部分副词由相应的形容词直接加上后缀-ly构成。如：slow — slowly, sad —sadly, final — finally, especial — especially, complete — completely, wide — widely。
(2) 以-y结尾的形容词，其副词形式为把-y变成-i，再加-ly。如：happy — happily, angry — angrily, gay — gaily, 但shy — shyly, dry — dryly (drily)除外。
(3) 以-le、-ue结尾的形容词，去-e加-y或-ly。如：true — truly, due — duly, subtle —subtly, able — ably，但sole — solely除外。
(4) 以-ic结尾的形容词，加-ally。如：economic — economically, historic — historically, energetic — energetically。
2. 副词主要作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、介词短语或整个句子。如：
(1) He runs fast.(修饰动词)
(2) He is a very kind man.(修饰形容词)
(3) He speaks English pretty well.(修饰副词)
(4) She arrived right in time.(修饰介词短语)
(5) Honestly, I don’t agree with you.(修饰整个句子)
有些副词也作表语、定语、宾语补足语等。如：
(1) The TV is still on.(作表语)
(2) The gas is off.(作表语)
(3) The students there are my classmates.(作定语)
(4) I met a friend on my way home.(作定语)
(5) You can read the book nowhere but here.(作介词宾语)
(6) Please ask her in.(作宾补)
三、形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
1. 形容词与副词的比较级与最高级构成规则详见学生用书。
2. 表示“完全、特别、极限、处所、方位、时间、状态、性质、材料、国籍、独一无二”等意义的形容词或副词没有比较级与最高级。如：absolute(ly), complete(ly), perfect(ly), extreme(ly), here, now, there, deaf, dead, naked, economic, wooden, mere, only, unique, barely, hardly, junior, senior, inferior, superior等。
