1.  Word building

      Give the noun forms of the words and match the corresponding English meanings.

accomplish -accomplishment (complete, achieve)acquire -acquisition (get; learm)

      assume- assumption (suppose, presume)arrogant -rrogance (proud, conceited)

      available -availability (able to be used or obtained)

      certify- certification- certificate (confirm, prove, declare that sth. is true)

civilize- -

civilized civiliation (educate)  anti.: savage/ barbarous 

democratic- -democracy- -democrat (relating to democracy)

enroll- -enrollment (admit, recruit)

      continue- -continuous-- -continuity (keep doing)

      (vi.)- -continuance(vt,)- -continuation

      expose- -exposure (uncover, make visible)

      generate -generation -generator (regenerate, degenerate) (produce, create)

inevitable -inevitability (unavoidable)

      maintain- maintenance (keep, sustain, retain)

      peculiar- - pecularity (strange, particular, special)

penetrate- penetration (go through)

pursue- -pursuit (follow, chase)

      The police  pursued the thief down the road.

     The police are in hot pursuit of the thief.

qualified- - -qualification (entitled, eligible)

      e.g. He qualified as a doctor.

      He is qualified as a doctor.

      His skills qualified him for the job.

      specialize- -specialist- specialiation- specialty (concentrate on one thing)

      2. Related words and expressions

      accomplish

      1) compare: accomplish an aim/ task完成目标/任务(finish? complete? achieve'?)

      finish: implies what one sets out to do is done, the completion of the final act in a process of things.

complete: implies the removal of all deficiencies, the finishing of all attempts.使完全，使完美e.g. finish a book

      complete a collection

      finish/ complete one 's education/ task

      Question: end与finish的区别? (a stronger sense of finality)

      accomplish (complete sth. sucessfully, implies the end rather than the process or means)

achieve (adds to "accomplish" the meaning of difficulties or efforts)e.g. an accomplished fact既成事实

      an accomplished writer有才华的作家

      acquire

      1) two meanings

      study  learn ,acquire, pick up (a language/ habit)  

obtain,get, gain，acquire

2) compare:

      ①How long have you studied/ leamed English?

      ②It is sometimes possible for a student to acquire a large vocabulary even without the help of a teacher. (a formal expression: learn sth. through efforts over a period of time)指通过努力而具有某种技能和知识，常用来表示语言的习得和习惯的养成(acquire a language/ habit),表达较为正式。③He picked up some French while he was studying in Paris.

      (informal: learm sth. by chance, esp. as a result of being in a particular place, doing a particular thing, or being with a particular group of people. )指由于环境或周围人的影响，偶然地、无意地或轻松地学会某种技巧或染上某种习惯。3) Blank-filling

      He has just begum to leam English. (强调初学)I'll leam some French history. (强调涉略不深)I've learmed a lot from the lecture. (强调学会)He learmt to swim. (强调学会一种技巧)

      He' studying hard/ late for exams. (强调勤奋)

      He is studying the problem of social justice. (强调研究)

      (Study和Leam两词从广泛意义上的“学习“讲的时候常可以换用。Study 意为“学习，研究"，强调学习的过程，有勤奋努力的含义，常指深入系统地学习一门学科或研究复杂的问题，不能用于单纯地获得技巧，如: study science, study medicine, study a map.

      Learn 意为学习，学会，获悉”，侧重学习的成果，指通过学习获得某种知识或技能，没有勤奋钻研的意味。Learm 后面加不定式时指学会一门技艺，后面加名词和动名词时，指学习某种知识。Leam还可与介词from组成词组，指向某人/处学习- -门技能，或从某人/处得知一一个消息。)

assume

l) compare

assume (suppose to be true without proof比较武断)

presume (suppose that sth is the case on the basis of probability 根据推测)eg. I assume that you can do it. 我假定你能做到。 

I presume you can do it. 我相信你能做到。 （常不接that)

2) different meanings:

      I assume that he is right. / I assume him to be honest. (suppose) 假设

He assumed a look of surprise. (pretend) 装出......样子，显得

      You will assume your new duties tomorrow. (task, position, power, ffice) (take on, undertake) 开始承担(e.f. May I presume to tell you...表示冒昧的......) 

word form: assumption, presumption, consumption

bachelor

1) compare

Bachelor's degree(B.S./B.A./B. E.)  undergraduates

Master's degree (M. A./M. B. A.)- > graduates/ postgraduates

Doctor's degree (D. A./ Ph. D 泛指)  doctoral candidates (post-doctoral fellows)

2) note: old bachelor / spinster

client (of 'law firms, banks...).

customer (of a business, shops) 

guest (of a restaurant, hotel) 

continue

1) word forms

continue + continuous-r continuity

      continual  continuation

      continuance

2) Use of "continue"

      continue the work

      continue to work /continue working不停地......

      continue with one's work

The battle continued.

      He continued that... (接着说......)

Error correction:

      *He continued to write the letter when he got back home.(He resumed to write... He began to write.... again)

3) Use of its adjective forms

      There was continual rain for an hour. (implies a close or unceasing succession or recurrence)一直地，频繁地，可能每隔一分钟下一分钟雨)There was continuous rain for an hour. (implies an uninterrupted continuity or union) 持续不断地(持续下雨一小时)

      There is a continued struggle against the rule. (+ interest, development强调被使持续不断的意思)

4) Use of its noun forms

      The story lacks continuity. (由形容词来,指连续性)

      Continuance of the war will mean short food supplies at home. (由vi.来,表自动延续)

      Continuation of my work was difficult after I had been ill for six month. (由vt.来,表被动继续)

      Blank-illing: After a long continuance of poor health, he found continuation of work tiring, since itrequired continuity of attention.

      drugstore

      rdrugstore (AmE.)  rdruggist  一drug  illchemist's shop  pharmacist  medicine  <tabletpharmacy  chemist  . medication(U)  capsule

      enrol(l)

1) compare

      enroll (register as a member or a student)

admit (allow to enter or join)

      The school will enroll new students the first week in September. (vt)I enrolled at the college. (vi)

      I enrolled in a history course. (vi)

      The ticket will admit you to the show, (vt)He was admitted to the school this year. (v.)2) blank-illing

      In China, admission to college is by examination only.

      Enrollments in the nation's 120 medical schools reached an al-time high of 6000.(入学人数)3) other words: reruit招募新人员, enlist参军，入伍

      humanity

      1) getting to know the difference

      ( human (n. & a. human life/ body; To err is human, to forgive divine.犯错人皆难免)humane (a. kind, thoughtful, sympathetic: a humane person/ character)humanity

      humanism (a philosophy that attaches importance on human rather than religion.)人本(文)主义

      humanitarian- -humanitarianism (a person who seeks to promote human welfare) 人道主义，博爱精神

      2) compare

      . a human (C)= human being

      humanity (U)= mankind人类(总称)

      humanity (U)=the state of being human人性humanity (U)= Humaneness ( 人道，博爱)

      . humanities (PL)-liberal arts (Subjects of study such as literature, philosophy, and history which areconcemed with human beings, their ideas, actions, and relationships, rather than science subjcts.)人文科学

      implicit

1) compare

      implicit: suggested, impliedL

explicit: expressed cearly

      e.g. There is an implicit understanding between them that the subject should not be mentioned.

      He gave explicit instructions not to be disturbed.2) word formation

      explicit -explicate - -explication (state clearly)

      implicit- -implicate- implication *(implicate: show someone to be involved in a crime)

      literal

      1) compare

      literary: (a. concerning with literature) 文学的

      literal (a. using words in their most basic sense, without metaphor or exaggeration)字面的

literate (a./ n. able to read and write; having education or nowledge)识字的ant: illiterate

2) Blan-illing

      maintain

1) compare

 maintain: keep sth at a cetain level or condition (do not let it stop or grow weaker)维持,维护retain: keep sth useful or desirable 保留,保持,保存

 sustain: keep sth for a period of time 保持,维持,使什么持续不断 

2) Blank-filling

      

      

sensitive

  1) compare

sensitive: quick to detect or respond to slight changes or influences敏感的(敏锐的，易怒的)

sensible: reasonable, rational, wise明智的

2) use

sensitive man敏感的(easily hurt or offended by things that people do or say,)sensitive skin敏感的皮肤his sensitive eyes敏锐的眼睛

sensitive reading of a poerm有感情的朗读ta sensitive friend 体贴人的朋友

3) collocation

The eye is sensitive to light. .对....敏感

He is very sensitive about his ugly appearance.在.... 方而敏感

3. Words in their different meanings

      expose

      1) meaning

Don't expose your skin to direet sunlight for too long.暴露

Real education should expose students to good arts and music.接触思想知识等2) collocation

      Too much exposure to the sun is harmful to your skin.

faculty

He was on the faculty there as a full professor for over forty years. (C. teaching staf)全体教员He has the faculy to learm languages easily. (U ability, capability) 能力the faculty of law (a group of related departments) 法学院

      generate

The machine is used to generate electriciy. (produce)产生，发(电，光，热，力)L His words generated hatred between the two races. (cause)导致，引起

penetrate

Light cannot penetrate a brick wall. (vt.) (get into/ through) 穿过

The smell penetrated into/ through the room. (vi,)弥漫

Can you penetrate the author's symbolism? (understand or discover) 理解

e.g. penetrating cry刺耳的叫喊, ~ look犀利的眼光, ~ questions深刻的问题，~ mind /thought深邃的思想(one that requires the ability of understanding clearly and deeply)

      rear

The garage is at/ in the rear of the house. (n. the back part)后部Leave by rear door of the house. (a. at the back) 后面的

The boy's aunt reared him. (v.) (bring up and educate; breed animals or grow crops)养大，饲养