Post-modernism
1. Modernism—before the Second World War (1939—1945)
(1) The Imagist Movement and the artistic characteristics of imagistpoems
(2) The Lost Generation
(3) The Expressionism
(4) The concept of “wasteland”
2. Postmodernism—after the Second World War (1939—1945)
(1) The Beat Generation
(2) The pluralism of postwar American fiction
a. War fiction
b. Southern literature
c. Jewish literature
d. Black fiction:
e. Other important writers
f. “new fiction” or Novels of absurdity
g. Literature of ethnic groups
3.The literary characteristics of American modern literature
(1) Theme: discontinuity and fragmentation
(2) Technical experimentation reject the traditional framework ofnarrative, description, and rational exposition in poetry andprose, in favor of a stream of consciousness presentation ofpersonality, a dependence on the poetic image as the essential vehicle of aesthetic communication, and uponmyth as a characteristic structural principle.
What is “Postmodernism” in the realm of literature?
Postmodernism is a blanketterm covering a wide range of diverse experimentation that has been going onsince the end of WWII, one that has only emerged as an area of academic study since the mid-1980s. Postmodernism is hard to define, because it is aconcept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study,including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology,communications, fashion, and technology.
Postmodernism in literature may be seen as a continuation of modernism’s alienated mood and disorientingtechniques and at the same time as an abandonment of its determined quest forartistic coherence in a fragmented world: where a modernist artist or writerwould try to wrest a meaning from the world, the post-modernist greets theabsurd or meaningless confusion of contemporary existence with a certain numbedor flippant indifference favoring self-consciously “depthless” works…(OxfordConcise Dictionary of Literary Terms)
2 What are the differences between Modernism and Post-modernism?
a. Whereas Modernism placesfaith in the ideas, values, beliefs, culture, and norms of the West,postmodernism rejects western values and beliefs as only a small part of thehuman experience and often rejects such ideas, beliefs, culture and norms.
b. Whereas modernismattempts to reveal profound truths of experience and life, postmodernism issuspicious of being “profound” because such ideas are based on one particularwestern value systems.
c. Whereas modernism attemptsto find depth and interior meaning beneath the surface of objects and events,postmodernism prefers to dwell on the exterior image and avoids drawingconclusions or suggesting underlying meanings associated with the interior ofobjects and events.
d. Whereas modernism focuseson central themes and a united vision in a particular piece of literature,postmodernism sees human experience as unstable, internally contradictory,ambiguous, inconclusive, indeterminate, unfinished, fragmented, discontinuous, “jagged”,with no one specific reality possible. Therefore, it focuses on a vision of acontradictory, fragmented, ambiguous, indeterminate, unfinished, “jagged”world.
e. Whereas modern authorsguide and control the reader’s response to their work, the postmodern writerscreate an “open” work in which the reader must supply his own connections, workout alternative meanings, and provide his own (unguided) interpretation.
后现代主义文学是第二次世界大战之后西方社会中出现的范围广泛的文学思潮,于20世纪70-80年代达到高潮。无论在文艺思想还是在创作技巧上,后现代主义文学都是现代主义文学的延续和发展。主流学术界曾经不区分“现代”和“后现代”两个概念,但由于二战之后文学发展的特征已经远远超过了传统的“现代主义”所能涵盖的范围,因此将后现代主义文学看作一个独立的文学思潮,和古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义以及现代主义并举。
对于后现代主义的解读体系主要是建构在后现代主义和现代主义的关系基础上的。一方面,后现代主义是现代主义的发展和延伸,继承了现代主义反传统的文学实验;另一方面,后现代主义又是对现代主义的反叛和决裂,表现了后现代作家摒弃现代主义文学的内容和形式的企图,因为在后现代作家看来,不仅现代主义以前的文学传统已不合时宜,连现代主义也在其发展过程中变得日益陈旧。
持不同社会、文化立场的学者曾对后现代主义进行过广泛而深入的争论,在很多时候都无法得出一致的结论。但现在的西方学术界已经普遍达成一个共识,即后现代主义虽然与现代主义有密切的联系,却也是与现代主义有明显区别的新的文化和艺术思潮。后现代主义文学是第二次世界大战之后西方社会中出现的范围广泛的文学思潮,于20世纪70-80年代达到高潮。无论在文艺思想还是在创作技巧上,后现代主义文学都是现代主义文学的延续和发展。主流学术界曾经不区分“现代”和“后现代”两个概念,但由于二战之后文学发展的特征已经远远超过了传统的“现代主义”所能涵盖的范围,因此将后现代主义文学看作一个独立的文学思潮,和古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义以及现代主义并举。
后现代文学是指吸纳了西方现代主义(包括后现代主义)的观念和技巧,通过新的价值取向与传统伦理道德观念发生决裂,反映现代生活中的情感享受、物质追求和底层人们生活的合理性,先锋小说更趋向于人本主义的描写,追求人格平等。
和通常意义上的思潮、流派不同,后现代主义文学既不是指称一个具体的作家或批评家的群体,也不存在被广泛认同的纲领和宣言。不仅如此,后现代文化是一种没有中心的多元文化,宽容各种不同的标准,主张“持续开发各种差异并为维护差异性的声誉而努力”。正是出于这个原因,后现代主义文学内部分支流派众多,各种思潮杂芜,很多后现代作家和批评家的自我理论体系本身就存在矛盾之处。
后现代主义时期文学的特点
(1)彻底的反传统。后现代主义文学不仅仅反“旧的”传统,对于现代主义文学试图建立的“新的”传统也彻底否定。在后现代主义者眼中,文学和艺术应该是建立在对现有秩序的解构基础之上的。后现代文学不依托任何死去的或活着的理论。在体裁上,对传统的小说、诗歌和戏剧等形式乃至“叙述”本身进行解构。因此,后现代主义文学是一种“破坏性”的文学,即某种意义上的“反文学”。
(2)摈弃所谓的“终极价值”。后现代主义者认为一切传统意义上的崇高的事物和信念都是从话语中派生出来的短暂的产物,不值得“真诚”、“严肃”的对待。客观世界和人自身都被异化了,历史失去了方向和意义,社会体系不可改变。后现代主义作家不愿意对重大的社会、政治、道德、美学等问题进行严肃认真的思考,他们不仅无视对这些问题的关切,甚至无视这些问题本身。他们不再试图给世界以意义。
(3)后现代主义文学崇尚所谓“零度写作”,反对现代主义关于深度的“神话”,拒斥孤独感、焦灼感之类的深沉意识,将其平面化。在后现代文学中,写作消失了内容,而转向“写作”自身。作家仅仅把话语、语言结构当作自己为所欲为的领地,写作成为一种纯粹的表演、操作。例如,后现代主义作家往往蓄意让作品中各种成分互相分解、颠覆,让作品无终极意义可寻。
(4)后现代文学蓄意打破精英文学与大众文学的界限,出现了明显的向大众文学和“亚文学”靠拢的倾向。有些作品干脆以大众的文化消费品形式出现,试图模糊文学与非文学的界限。在文体上,惯用矛盾(文本中各种因素互相颠覆)、交替(在文本中,对于同一事物的不同可能性的叙述交替出现)、不连贯性和任意性、极度(有意识的过度使用某种修辞手段以达到嘲弄它的目的)、短路(运用某些手段使对作品的阐释不得不中断)、反体裁(破坏体裁的公认特点和边界)、话语膨胀(把在文学创作中一直处于边缘地位的话语纳入主流)等手段,使得读者对作品的解读困难重重。

