Thomas Hardy （1840-1928）

    Thomas Hardy was born June 2, 1840, in the village of Upper Bockhampton, located in Southwestern England. His father was a stone mason and a violinist. His mother enjoyed reading and relating all the folk songs and legends of the region. Between his parents, Hardy gained all the interests that would appear in his novels and his own life: his love for architecture and music, his interest in the lifestyles of the country folk, and his passion for all sorts of literature. 

    At the age of eight, Hardy began to attend Julia Martin's school in Bockhampton. However, most of his education came from the books he found in Dorchester, the nearby town. He learned French, German, and Latin by teaching himself through these books. At sixteen, Hardy's father apprenticed his son to a local architect, John Hicks. Under Hicks' tutelage, Hardy learned much about architectural drawing and restoring old houses and churches. Hardy loved the apprenticeship because it allowed him to learn the histories of the houses and the families that lived there. Despite his work, Hardy did not forget his academics: in the evenings, Hardy would study with the Greek scholar Horace Moule. 

    In 1862, Hardy was sent to London to work with the architect Arthur Blomfield. During his five years in London, Hardy immersed himself in the cultural scene by visiting the museums and theaters and studying classic literature. He even began to write his own poetry. Although he did not stay in London, choosing to return to Dorchester as a church restorer, he took his newfound talent for writing to Dorchester as well. 

    From 1867, Hardy wrote poetry and novels, though the first part of his career was devoted to the novel. At first he published anonymously, but when people became interested in his works, he began to use his own name. Like Dickens, Hardy's novels were published in serial forms in magazines that were popular in both England and America. His first popular novel was Under the Greenwood Tree, published in 1872. The next great novel, Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was so popular that with the profits, Hardy was able to give up architecture and marry Emma Gifford. Other popular novels followed in quick succession: The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). In addition to these larger works, Hardy published three collections of short stories and five smaller novels, all moderately successful. However, despite the praise Hardy's fiction received, many critics also found his works to be too shocking, especially Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The outcry against Jude was so great that Hardy decided to stop writing novels and return to his first great love, poetry. 

    Over the years, Hardy had divided his time between his home, Max Gate, in Dorchester and his lodgings in London. In his later years, he remained in Dorchester to focus completely on his poetry. In 1898, he saw his dream of becoming a poet realized with the publication of Wessex Poems. He then turned his attentions to an epic drama in verse, The Dynasts; it was finally completed in 1908. Before his death, he had written over 800 poems, many of them published while he was in his eighties. 

    By the last two decades of Hardy's life, he had achieved fame as great as Dickens' fame. In 1910, he was awarded the Order of Merit. New readers had also discovered his novels by the publication of the Wessex Editions, the definitive versions of all Hardy's early works. As a result, Max Gate became a literary shrine. 

    Hardy also found happiness in his personal life. His first wife, Emma, died in 1912. Although their marriage had not been happy, Hardy grieved at her sudden death. In 1914, he married Florence Dugale, and she was extremely devoted to him. After his death, Florence published Hardy's autobiography in two parts under her own name. 

    After a long and highly successful life, Thomas Hardy died on January 11, 1928, at the age of 87. His ashes were buried in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey. 

  托马斯·哈代，英国诗人、小说家。哈代一生共发表了近20部长篇小说，代表作有《德伯家的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》、《还乡》和《卡斯特桥市长》等。

  哈代1840年出生于英国多塞特郡，1862年开始进行文学创作，1878年发表小说《还乡》，1891年发表小说《德伯家的苔丝》，1896年发表小说《无名的裘德》，《无名的裘德》中因为讲述男女主角是表亲的婚恋，导致哈代受到舆论攻击，自此哈代不再写作小说。晚年主要作品有三卷诗剧《列王》。1910年，哈代获得英国文学成就奖。

  哈代是横跨两个世纪的作家，早期和中期的创作以小说为主，继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统；晚年以其诗歌开拓了英国20世纪的文学。哈代创作诗8集，共918首，此外，还有许多以“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说，以及长篇史诗剧《列王》。

  Tess of the d'Urbervilles （德伯家苔丝）

    Tess of the d’Urbervilles, novel by Thomas Hardy, first published serially in bowdlerized form in the Graphic (July—December 1891) and in its entirety in book form (three volumes) the same year. It was subtitled A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented because Hardy felt that its heroine was a virtuous victim of a rigid Victorian moral code. Now considered Hardy’s masterwork, it departed from conventional Victorian fiction in its focus on the rural lower class and in its open treatment of sexuality and religion.

    SUMMARY: After her impoverished family learns of its noble lineage, naive Tess Durbeyfield is sent by her slothful father and ignorant mother to make an appeal to a nearby wealthy family who bear the ancestral name d’Urberville. Tess, attractive and innocent, is seduced by dissolute Alec d’Urberville and secretly bears a child, Sorrow, who dies in infancy. Later working as a dairymaid, she meets and marries Angel Clare, an idealistic gentleman who rejects Tess after learning of her past on their wedding night. Emotionally bereft and financially impoverished, Tess is trapped by necessity into giving in once again to d’Urberville, but she murders him when Angel returns.

     DETAIL: Tess of the D’Urbervilles is as famous for its heroine as for its notoriously tragic plot. Originally shunned by critics upon its publication in 1891 because of “immorality,” the novel traces the difficult life of Tess Durbeyfield, whose victimization at the hands of men eventually leads to her horrific downfall. Tess spares the reader none of the bitterness inherent in English country life, and Hardy’s often romanticized love for the landscape of Wessex is balanced by the novel’s grimly realistic depiction of social injustice.

     When Tess’s father discovers that his own family, the Durbeyfields, are related to a prominent local dynasty, he agrees that his daughter should contact the heir, Alec D’Urberville, with tragic results. He seduces her, and soon abandons her, leaving her an unmarried single mother. While she briefly finds happiness with another man, the seemingly upright Angel Clare, he too rejects her upon hearing of her sexual past, leaving her in poverty and misery. Forced back into the arms of Alec, Tess must sacrifice her personal happiness for economic survival, but when her feelings of injustice overwhelm her in a moment of passion, the consequences are tragic.

    In Tess, Hardy presents a world in which the human spirit is battered down by the forces, not of fate, but of social hierarchy. Tess’s eventual death, one of the most famous in literature, is a direct result of human cruelty and as such represents one of the most moving indictments of the lives of nineteenth-century English women in all of literature.

  《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家哈代的长篇小说，是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。

  小说讲述了女主人公苔丝生于一个贫苦小贩家庭，父母要她到一个富老太婆家去攀亲戚，结果她被少爷亚历克诱奸，后来她与牧师的儿子克莱尔恋爱并订婚，在新婚之夜她把昔日的不幸向丈夫坦白，却没能得到原谅，两人分居，丈夫去了巴西，几年后，苔丝再次与亚历克相遇，后者纠缠她，这时候她因家境窘迫不得不与仇人同居，不久克莱尔从国外回来，向妻子表示悔恨自己以往的冷酷无情，在这种情况下，苔丝痛苦地觉得是亚历克·德伯使她第二次失去了安吉尔便愤怒地将他杀死。最后她被捕并被处以绞刑。

  哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。

  女主人公苔丝出生于一个贫苦小贩的家庭，他的父亲约翰·德比有一天被人告知是古代贵族德伯的后代，他便得意忘形起来。约翰和他的老婆决定让女儿到一个富老太婆家去攀亲戚，以期在经济上得到帮助。

  苔丝去了以后被老太婆的儿子亚雷诱奸，她怀孕回家，孩子一生下即夭折。过了几年，苔丝离家来到陶勃赛乳牛场干挤奶的活儿，在这里他与牧师的儿子安吉尔·克莱恋爱并订婚。苔丝对文质彬彬、颇有知识的克莱十分崇拜和热爱，几次想把自己曾被亚雷奸污的事告诉他，但都因种种缘故而没有办到。结婚前数日她曾写了一封长信将往事告知克莱，她把信从房门下边塞进克莱的屋子却塞到了地毯下面。新婚之夜她把自己昔日的这一不幸事件向丈夫坦白，但是克莱没能原谅她。这以后他们两人分居，克莱去巴西发展他的事业，苔丝仍在一些农场打工糊口。命运却让她再次与已经披上牧师黑袍的亚雷·德伯相遇。亚雷对苔丝的情欲顿时击败了他那没有根基的宗教信仰，他纠缠苔丝，不得到她决不罢休。这时候苔丝的父亲病故，为了母亲和弟弟妹妹们的生活，她被迫与亚雷同居。

  不久，安吉尔·克莱尔从巴西回国，找到妻子并表示悔恨以往的冷酷无情。苔丝在这种情况下认为，是亚雷· 德伯使她第二次失去了克莱，又一次毁掉了她的幸福，她懊恼和愤怒到了极点，带着一种责任感，杀死了亚雷。在与克莱一起度过幸福、满足的最后五天之后，苔丝被捕并被处以绞刑。