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1 写作修辞法 2
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2 语法练习
Figures of Speech(修辞)
Words are used in two ways:
1.Literally(字面上): used in their original meanings.
e.g. a colorful garden
2.Figuratively(象征地): used in extended(引申)meanings for the purpose of making comparisons orcalling up picturesin the readers’ mind.
e.g. a colorful life
Figures of speech: Ways of using words figuratively.
What's the function of figures of speech?
Figures of speech can make yourwriting
Vivid and interesting!!
•松花湖
• 我的家乡就是美丽的吉林市。在距离吉林市西南方向15公里的地方，有一个美丽的湖泊，那就是松花湖。那里有山有水，山包围着水，水倒映着山，山水相依，风景如画(比喻)。
• 松花湖的水虽然不像长江那样一泻千里，气势磅礴，不像海水那样广袤无垠、一望无尽，也没有山间溪水的清澈透明（排比），但她有一种独特的美。没风的时候，整个水面十分的平静，微微泛绿的湖面像是一面不沾任何污渍的宝镜（比喻）；即使有大风吹过，水面泛起的波澜也不是很大，只是一圈一圈的，犹如女孩穿的百褶裙（比喻）。在岸边的浅水处，水非常清澈，可以看见许多小鱼儿在游来游去。
• 松花湖的山也很美，一座座连绵挺拔地屹立在水边，山上绿树成林，远远望去，不见一块黑土露出，山上还有各色的野花，点缀在一片绿色之中，美丽极了！山腰上有个小巧玲珑的凉亭，坐在亭子里，微风吹过，感觉十分清爽和舒适，向下望去，山水相间，还有一些度假村掩映其间，有如人间仙境。
• 这就是我的家乡，我美丽的母亲湖——松花湖，一个神奇秀丽的地方。我们一定要好好爱护她，并把她建设的更美!
CommonFigures of Speech
1.simile(明喻)
2. metaphor (暗喻)
3. personification(拟人)
4. metonymy (借喻、转喻)
5. synecdoche（提喻，借代）
6. euphemism(委婉语)
7. irony(讽刺)
8. Overstatement (hyperbole) andunderstatement
（夸大和保守陈述）
9.Transferred epithet(移位修饰)
10.oxymoron(矛盾修饰)
11.alliteration(头韵 )
1.simile(明喻)
a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by theword as or like:
e.g.
1) O mylove’s like a red, red rose.
2) That man can’t be trusted.
He’s as slippery as an eel.
3) The old man’s hair is aswhite as snow.
2. Metaphor (暗喻)
It is the use of a word whichoriginally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. Thiscomparison is implied, without as or like.
e.g.
1) O my love’s a red, red rose.
2) He is the soul of the team.
3) Irrigation is the lifeblood ofagriculture.
●Metaphors are used not only after verb to be,
and not only nouns can be usedmetaphorically.
Nouns, verbs adjectives, and adverbscan all be used in a metaphorical way. There is always a comparison implies.
●A metaphor or a simile has to befresh to be effective!!
e.g. Leg of a table
3.Personification(拟人)
Itis to treat athing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.
It is often used in poetry and prose(散文).
e.g.
Youth is hot and bold,
Age is weak and cold,
Youth is wild, and Age is tame.
------William Shakespeare
4.Metonymy(借喻、转喻)
It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which is closely associated.
e.g.
1) the crown stands for king the White House for theAmerican government
2) Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerorsfell upon the Americas.
3) When the war was over, he laid downthe sword and took up the pen.
When it is well used, brevity andvividness may be achieved!!
5.Synecdoche（提喻，借代）
a part is substitutedfor the wholeor thewhole is substituted for a part.
e.g.
1) The farms were short of handsduring the harvest season.
2) He had to earn his daily bread bydoing odd jobs.
3) Germany beatArgentina 2to1 in this exciting football match
Q:What are the difference and thesimilarity between metonymy and synecdoche?
6.euphemism(委婉语)
It is the substitutionof a mild or vague expression for aharsh or unpleasant one.
for example:
to die: to pass away, to leave us;
one’s heart has stoppedbeating
old people: seniorcitizens
mad: emotionally disturbed
Euphemisms are meant to soften harsh reality!!
7.irony(讽刺)
It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, inorder to achieve a special effect.
e.g. When a barbarous act is called civilized or cultural, irony is used.
8.Overstatement (hyperbole) and understatement
（夸大和保守陈述）
Overstatementexaggerates thesubject; understatement playsdown themagnitude or value of the subject.
Both aim at making the statement ordescription impressive or interesting!!
9.Transferredepithet(移位修饰)
Anepithet is anadjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize sb. or sth. A transferred epithetis one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.
e.g. He has had a busy day.
He said “Yes” to the question in an unthinking moment.
10.oxymoron(矛盾修饰)
In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect
e.g. The coach had to be cruelto be kind to his trainees.
She read the long-awaited letterwith a tearful smile.
11.alliteration(头韵 )
It refers to the appearanceof the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, such as “Proud as a peacock”.
e.g. Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save,
From the cradleto the grave,
Those ungrateful droneswho would
Drain your sweat-nay, drinkyour blood?
