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Ancient Chinese mythology

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Shénhuà zhǔyào shi zhǐ kǒutóu liúchuán de guānyú shén huò yuǎngǔ yīngxióng de chuánqí gùshì. Yuǎngǔ shíqí shì rénlèi de tóngnián shídài, wùzhí tiáojiàn hěn chà, shēngchǎnlì hěn dī, rénmen de rènshì nénglì yě hěn dī. Wèile shēngcún, zài qiángdà de zìránlì miànqián, rénmen zhǐ néng kào huànxiǎng, kào xiǎngxiàng zhōng de shénqí lìliàng, yǔ qiángdà de zìránlì jìnxíng kàngzhēng, biǎodá zìjǐ měihǎo de yuànwàng, zhèyàng, shénhuà jiù chǎnshēngle.

神话主要是指口头流传的关于神或远古英雄的传奇故事。远古时期是人类的童年时代,物质条件很差,生产力很低,人们的认识能力也很低。为了生存,在强大的自然力面前,人们只能靠幻想,靠想象中的神奇力量,与强大的自然力进行抗争,表达自己美好的愿望,这样,神话就产生了。

Myth mainly refers to the oral legend about gods or ancient heroes. Ancient times is the childhood of human beings, material conditions are very poor, productivity is very low, people's cognitive ability is also very low. In order to survive, in front of the powerful natural forces, people can only rely on fantasy, relying on the magic power of imagination, to fight against the powerful natural forces and express their beautiful wishes. In this way, myths have been produced.

Rénmen dāngshí zuò bù dào de shìqíng, zài shénhuà li dōu néng shíxiàn. Shìjiè shàng dà duōshù mínzú dōu yǒu zìjǐ de shénhuà chuánshuō, xiàng gǔdài xīlà shénhuà, gǔdài yìndù shénhuà jiù hěn yǒumíng.

人们当时做不到的事情,在神话里都能实现。世界上大多数民族都有自己的神话传说,像古代希腊神话、古代印度神话就很有名。

What people can't do at that time can be realized in myth. Most nations in the world have their own myths and legends, such as ancient Greek mythology and ancient Indian mythology.

Zhōngguó yǒu hěnduō yuǎngǔ shénhuà chuánshuō, kěshì gǔdài méiyǒu zhuānmén jìzǎi shénhuà de shūjí, hěnduō shénhuà zhǐshì língsàn dì xiě zài yīxiē gǔshū zhōng. Jìzǎi yuǎngǔ shénhuà jiào duō de gǔshū yǒu “shānhǎi jīng” hé “huáinán zi” děng.

中国有很多远古神话传说,可是古代没有专门记载神话的书籍,很多神话只是零散地写在一些古书中。记载远古神话较多的古书有《山海经》和《淮南子》等。

There are many ancient myths and legends in China, but there are no books specifically recording myths in ancient times. Many myths are only scattered in some ancient books. There are many ancient books recording ancient myths, such as Shanhaijing and Huainanzi.

Zhōngguó yuǎngǔ shénhuà duō shì guānyú tiāndì kāipì, rénlèi qǐyuán, hóngshuǐ hé zhànzhēng de gùshì. Shénhuà zhōng de rénwù, duō shì zìqiángbùxī, shějǐwéirén, zàofú rénlèi de yīngxióng, tāmen dōu hěn shénqí.

中国远古神话多是关于天地开辟、人类起源、洪水和战争的故事。神话中的人物,多是自强不息、舍己为人、造福人类的英雄,他们都很神奇。

Ancient Chinese myths are mostly about the opening up of heaven and earth, the origin of mankind, floods and wars. The characters in mythology are mostly heroes who constantly strive for self-improvement, sacrifice themselves for others and benefit mankind. They are all magic.

Yuǎngǔ zhīhòu, gège shíqí yěyǒu hěnduō shén yǔ rén de chuánqí gùshì, zhè jiùshì hòushì xīn shénhuàle, rú “niúlángzhīnǚ” “báishé chuán” “bāxiānguòhǎi”, yǐjí xiǎoshuō “xīyóu jì” děng. Yuǎngǔ shénhuà hé hòushì xīn shénhuà yǒu yuánliú guānxì, yuǎngǔ shénhuà shì “yuán”, hòushì xīn shénhuà shì “liú”.

远古之后,各个时期也有很多神与人的传奇故事,这就是后世新神话了,如“牛郎织女” “白蛇传” “八仙过海”,以及小说《西游记》等。远古神话和后世新神话有源流关系,远古神话是“源” ,后世新神话是“流”。

After ancient times, there are many legends of gods and people in various periods, which are new myths in later generations, such as "Cowherd and Weaver Girl", "Legend of white snake", "Eight Immortals crossing the sea", and novel "journey to the west". There is a source relationship between the ancient myth and the later new myth. The ancient myth is the "source", and the later new myth is the "flow".

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Xiàmiàn jièshào sìzé yuǎngǔ shénhuà hé liǎng zé hòushì xīn shénhuà.

下面介绍四则远古神话和两则后世新神话。

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Yuǎngǔ shénhuà sìzé

远古神话四则

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（一）盘古开天

(yī) pángǔ kāi tiān hěnjiǔ hěnjiǔ yǐqián, shìjiè yītuánqīhēi, yǒu gè jiào pángǔ de rén zài lǐmiàn shuìle 18000 nián. Yǒu yītiān, pángǔ xǐngle. Hēi'àn zhōng, tā mō dàole yī bǎ dà fǔzi, cháo yǎnqián de hēi'àn měng lì pī qù, 

“hōng” de yīshēng jù xiǎng, qīhēi de yī tuán pòlièle, qīng de dōngxī màn man shàngshēng biàn chéngle tiān, zhòng de dōngxī màn man xiàjiàng biàn chéngle de. Pángǔ pà tiāndì chóngxīn héshàng, jiù shǒu jǔ tiān jiǎo tà de, zhàn zài tiān yǔ de zhī jiān, yòng shēntǐ zhīchēngzhe. Tiān, měitiān zēnggāo yī zhàng, de, měitiān jiā hòu yī zhàng, pángǔ yě měitiān cháng gāo yī zhàng. Zhèyàng, yòuguòle 18000 nián, tiān yǔ dì de gòuzào yǐjīng wěngùle, pángǔ jiù dào zàile dìshàng, tā sǐle. Pángǔ sǐ hòu, tā de gǔtou biàn chéng gāoshān, jīròu biàn chéng tǔdì, xiěyè biàn chéng héliú, hànmáo biàn chéng cǎomù, hūxī biàn chéng fēngyún, zuǒ yǎn biàn chéng tàiyáng, yòu yǎn biàn chéng yuèliàng, tóufǎ hé húzi biàn chéngle xīngxīng. Zài zhōngguó rénmín de xīnmù zhōng, pángǔ shì kāitiānpìdì de yīngxióng, shì tā chuàngzàole fēngfù ér měilì de shìjiè.

很久很久以前,世界一团漆黑,有个叫盘古的人在里面睡了18000年。有一天,盘古醒了。黑暗中,他摸到了一把大斧子,朝眼前的黑暗猛力劈去,

“轰”的一声巨响,漆黑的一团破裂了,轻的东西慢慢上升变成了天,重的东西慢慢下降变成了地。盘古怕天地重新合上,就手举天脚踏地,站在天与地之间,用身体支撑着。天,每天增高一丈,地,每天加厚一丈,盘古也每天长高一丈。这样,又过了18000年,天与地的构造已经稳固了,盘古就倒在了地上,他死了。盘古死后,他的骨头变成高山,肌肉变成土地,血液变成河流,汗毛变成草木,呼吸变成风云,左眼变成太阳,右眼变成月亮,头发和胡子变成了星星。在中国人民的心目中,盘古是开天辟地的英雄,是他创造了丰富而美丽的世界。

Once upon a time, the world was dark, and there was a man named Pangu sleeping in it for 18000 years. One day, Pangu woke up. In the dark, he felt a big axe and struck hard at the darkness in front of him,

"Boom" of a huge sound, the dark one burst, light things slowly rise into the sky, heavy things slowly fall into the ground. Pangu was afraid that heaven and earth would close again, so he held up heaven and stepped on the ground, standing between heaven and earth, supported by his body. Day, every day increased by a Zhang, the ground, every day thickened a Zhang, Pangu also grew a Zhang every day. After 18000 years, he is dead on the earth. After Pangu died, his bones became mountains, his muscles into land, his blood into rivers, his hair into grass, his breath into clouds, his left eye into the sun, his right eye into the moon, his hair and beard into stars. In the eyes of the Chinese people, Pangu is a pioneering hero who created a rich and beautiful world.

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(Èr) nǚ wā zào rén

（二）女娲造人 

nǚ wā shì yī wèi “rén shǒu shé shēn” de nǚshén, tā céngjīng yòng wǔsè shí xiūbǔguò yǒu liè dòng de tiān, yòu shā sǐguò měngshòu, zhìfúguò hóngshuǐ. Rénmen zuì xǐhuān tā chuàngzào rénlèi de gùshì; pángǔ kāitiānpìdì yǐhòu, shìjiè shàng hái méiyǒu rén, nǚ wā gǎndào shífēn gūdú. Yǒu yītiān, tā zài huánghé biān xǐliǎn shí, fǎngzhào shuǐzhōng zìjǐ de yàngzi, yòng nítǔ zuòle yīgè xiǎo rén. Tā gāng bǎ xiǎo nírén fàng dào dìshàng, xiǎo nírén jiùhuóle, huānbèngluàntiào de jiàozhe “māmā! Māmā! ". Nǚ guǒ gāoxìng jíle, jiù yòu zuòle xǔduō, bìng gěi tāmen qǐle gè míngzì jiào “rén”. Rán'ér, yòng shǒu zuò nírén de gōngzuò tài lèile, yúshì, tā jiù bǎ yītiáo dàshéngzi fàng jìn níshuǐ lǐ, ránhòu tí qǐlái yī shuǎi, nàxiē shuǎi luò de ní diǎn dōu biàn chéngle rén. Jùshuō, fùguì de rén shì yòng huáng nítǔ zuò chéng de, pínjiàn de rén shì yòng shéngzi shuǎi chūlái de. Nǚ wā zào rén de gùshì, shì yuǎngǔ zhōngguó rén duì rénlèi qǐyuán de yī zhǒng rènshì, yěshì yuǎngǔ shíqí mǔxì shìzú shēnghuó de fǎnyìng.

女娲是一位“人首蛇身”的女神,她曾经用五色石修补过有裂洞的天,又杀死过猛兽,制服过洪水。人们最喜欢她创造人类的故事; 盘古开天辟地以后,世界上还没有人,女娲感到十分孤独。有一天,她在黄河边洗脸时,仿照水中自己的样子,用泥土做了一个小人。她刚把小泥人放到地上,小泥人就活了,欢蹦乱跳地叫着“妈妈!妈妈! "。女果高兴极了,就又做了许多,并给他们起了个名字叫“人” 。然而,用手做泥人的工作太累了,于是,她就把一条大绳子放进泥水里,然后提起来一甩,那些甩落的泥点都变成了人。据说,富贵的人是用黄泥土做成的,贫贱的人是用绳子甩出来的。女娲造人的故事,是远古中国人对人类起源的一种认识,也是远古时期母系氏族生活的反映。

Nuwa is a goddess with "human head and snake body". She once repaired the sky with five colors stone, killed beasts and subdued floods. People like her stories of creating human beings most. After Pangu created the world, there was no one in the world. Nu Wa felt very lonely. One day, when she was washing her face by the Yellow River, she imitated her own appearance in the water and made a villain with clay. As soon as she put the clay figurine on the ground, the clay figurine came to life and called "Mom! Mom!" happily. Female fruit is very happy, did a lot of, and gave them a name called "people". However, she was too tired to do clay figurines with her hands, so she put a large rope into the muddy water, and then lifted it up and threw it. All the mud spots that were thrown down became human beings. It is said that rich people are made of yellow clay, while poor people are thrown out with ropes. The story of Nuwa's creation is not only an understanding of the origin of human beings, but also a reflection of matriarchal clan life in ancient China.

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（三)嫦城奔月

(Sān) cháng chéng bēn yuè 

yì shì yuǎngǔ shíqí de yī wèi shén jiàn shǒu, tā céngjīng yǒnggǎn de shè xiàle tiānshàng de jiǔ gè tàiyáng, bǎ rénmen cóng huǒrè zhòng jiějiùchūlái. Zhè jiùshì zhùmíng de shénhuà gùshì “yì shè jiǔ rì”. Zhù zài kūnlún shān de dà shén xīwángmǔ. Zhàojiànle yì, sòng gěi yì yī zhǒng “bùsǐ zhī yào”, chīle néng chángshēng bùlǎo. Yì gāo gāoxìng xìng de bǎ yào dài huí jiā, méi xiǎngdào, yì de qīzi là é bǎ yào tōu chīle. Hūn é chīle yào, gǎndào shēntǐ qīngpiāopiāo de, bùyóuzìzhǔ dì shēng qǐ, xiàng yáoyuǎn de yuèliàng fēi qù. Cháng'é fēi dào yuèliàng shàng, jiù zài guǎng hán gōng lǐ zhù xià, chéngwéi yuè shén. Tā yòu liúliàn qǐ mínjiān de shēnghuó.“Cháng'é bēn yuè” shì zhōnghuá mínzú yuǎngǔ jìyì zhōng zuì měilì de shénhuà zhī yī, tā biǎodále yuǎngǔ xiān míng duì shēngmìng de liúliàn, yě biǎoxiànle duì wèizhī shìjiè tànsuǒ de kěwàng. Jīntiān, zhōngguó jìnxíng de duì yuèqiú de tàncè gōngchéng jiù jiào zuò “cháng'é gōngchéng”.

羿是远古时期的一位神箭手,他曾经勇敢地射下了天上的九个太阳,把人们从火热中解救出来。这就是著名的神话故事“羿射九日”。住在昆仑山的大神西王母。召见了羿,送给羿一种“不死之药” ,吃了能长生不老。羿高高兴兴地把药带回家,没想到,羿的妻子蜡娥把药偷吃了。婚娥吃了药,感到身体轻飘飘的,不由自主地升起,向遥远的月亮飞去。嫦娥飞到月亮上,就在广寒宫里住下,成为月神。她又留恋起民间的生活。“嫦娥奔月”是中华民族远古记忆中最美丽的神话之一,它表达了远古先民对生命的留恋,也表现了对未知世界探索的渴望。今天,中国进行的对月球的探测工程就叫作 “嫦娥工程”。

Yi was a god archer in ancient times. He had bravely shot down nine suns in the sky and rescued people from the heat of fire. This is the famous myth story "Yi shoots nine days". Queen Mother of the west, the great God who lives in Kunlun mountain. Summoned Yi, gave Yi a kind of "immortal medicine", eat can live forever. Yi happily took the medicine home. Unexpectedly, Yi's wife wax e stole the medicine. After taking the medicine, she felt light and floating, and she could not help but rise and fly to the distant moon. Chang'e flies to the moon and lives in Guanghan palace, becoming the goddess of the moon. She is nostalgic for folk life. "Chang'e's flight to the moon" is one of the most beautiful myths in the ancient memory of the Chinese nation. It expresses the ancient ancestors' nostalgia for life and their desire to explore the unknown world. Today, China's lunar exploration project is called "Chang'e project".

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(四)精卫填海

(Sì) jīng wèi tián hǎi yǒu yīcì, tàiyáng shén yándì de xiǎonǚ'érnǚ wá zài dōnghǎi yóuyǒng, túrán hǎishàng qǐle fēnglàng, nǚ wá bùxìng bèi yān sǐle. Tā de línghún biàn chéngle yī zhǐ xiǎo niǎo, míngzì jiào “jīng wèi”. Jīng wèi de yàngzi hěn xiàng niǎo yā, tóu shàng de yǔmáo yǒu huāwén, báibái de zuǐbā, hóng hóng de jiǎozhuǎ, kàn qǐlái fēicháng piàoliang. Jīng wèi zhù zài běifāng de yīzuò shānshàng. Tā tònghèn wúqíng de dàhǎi duó qùle tā de shēngmìng, jiù tiāntiān cóng xīshān xián lái shùzhī hé shítou tóu jìn hǎilǐ, juéxīn bǎ dàhǎi tián píng. Jùshuō zhídào jīntiān, zhè zhǐ kě'ài de xiǎo niǎo hái zài bù tíng de tián hǎi ní. 

Zhège bēizhuàng de gùshì, zànyángle jīng wèi zìqiángbùxī de pǐngé, biǎoxiànle gǔdài rénmín gǎnyú xiàng qiángdà de zìránlì jìnxíng kàngzhēng de jīngshén, zhè shì yī zhǒng yòng wéibó zhī lì qù wánchéng bù kěnéng wánchéng de rènwù de wánqiáng jīngshén.

有一次,太阳神炎帝的小女儿女娃在东海游泳,突然海上起了风浪,女娃不幸被淹死了。她的灵魂变成了一只小鸟,名字叫“精卫”。精卫的样子很像鸟鸦,头上的羽毛有花纹,白白的嘴巴,红红的脚爪,看起来非常漂亮。精卫住在北方的一座山上。她痛恨无情的大海夺去了她的生命,就天天从西山衔来树枝和石头投进海里,决心把大海填平。据说直到今天,这只可爱的小鸟还在不停地填海呢。

这个悲壮的故事,赞扬了精卫自强不息的品格,表现了古代人民敢于向强大的自然力进行抗争的精神,这是一种用微薄之力去完成不可能完成的任务的顽强精神。

Once, the Sun God Yan Di's youngest daughter, Nu Wa, was swimming in the East China Sea. Suddenly, there was a storm on the sea, and Nu Wa was unfortunately drowned. Her soul became a bird called Jingwei. Jingwei looks like a bird crow. The feathers on her head have patterns. Her white mouth and red feet look very beautiful. They live in a mountain in the north. She hated that the merciless sea had taken her life, so she took branches and stones from the west mountain every day and threw them into the sea, determined to fill up the sea. It is said that until today, this lovely bird is still filling the sea.

This solemn and stirring story praises Jingwei's character of self-improvement and shows the spirit of ancient people's daring to fight against the powerful natural forces. This is a kind of indomitable spirit to accomplish impossible tasks with meager force.

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