知识点一 “囊玛”的舞蹈文化发展与表现形式

 1、囊玛的含义

囊玛，由引子、歌曲、舞曲组成，中国藏族传统歌舞音乐，主要流行在拉萨城区，被称之为西藏的古典歌曲。

 2、囊玛的发展历史

囊玛首先盛行于拉萨，后流传到日喀则等其它城镇，它是一种以歌唱为主，歌舞结合的表演形式。歌曲部分是囊玛的精髓。它的唱词比较广泛，其中爱情歌曲多采用六世达赖仓央加措的情诗，到了十二世达赖时期（1856年—1975年），囊玛开始在民间盛行，歌曲的后面又出现了一段舞曲，相应的也产生了一段类似堆谐踏点节奏的舞蹈动作。　　

 3、“囊玛”的舞蹈表现形式

表演囊玛时要有乐器伴奏，囊玛的音乐伴奏要求很严，必须有七种乐器组成，即：笛子、六弦琴、扬琴、京胡、特琴（类似二胡）、根卡、串铃，否则不能称为“囊玛谐”。但流传到民间之后，一般只有横笛、扬琴、六弦琴，甚至其中任何一件伴奏就可以表演。囊玛的音乐舞蹈结构即由歌曲和舞曲两部分组成。由于歌曲部分的前面有一段音乐引子，因而它的表演程序又是引子→歌曲→舞曲，通常表演是在连点踢踏步中结束。

Knowledge Point 1 The Development and Expression forms of the dance culture of "Nangma"

      Let's first understand the meaning of "Nangma".

Nangma is composed of three parts: the introduction, the song and the dance music. It is a traditional Tibetan song and dance music in China. It is mainly popular in the Lhasa area and is called the classical song of Tibet.

The development history of Nangma

Nangma first became popular in Lhasa and later spread to other towns such as Xigaze. It is a form of performance that mainly features singing and combines singing and dancing. Songs are the essence of Nangma. His lyrics are quite extensive, among which love songs mostly adopt the form of the 6th ***** Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso. By the time of the 12th ***** Lama from 1856 to 1975, the "nangma" began to become popular among the common people. A dance piece emerged after the song, and accordingly, a dance movement similar to the rhythm of "Duixie" also emerged

The dance performance form of Nangma

When performing Nangma, there should be musical instrument accompaniment. The musical accompaniment requirements for Nangma are very strict. It must be composed of seven kinds of instruments, including the flute, the six-stringed lute, the yangqin, the jinghu, the teqin, the pole tower, and the string bells. Otherwise, it cannot be called Nangma harmony. However, after it spread among the common people, usually only the transverse flute, the yangqin, the six-stringed lute, or any one of them can be used as accompaniment for the performance. The musical and dance structure of Nangma consists of two parts: songs and dance music. Since there is a musical introduction at the beginning of the song section, his performance sequence is from the introduction to the song and then to the dance music. Usually, the performance ends with a series of kicks and steps. At the beginning of the performance, an introduction is played by an instrument. When the six-stringed instrument accompanies the introduction, it is generally not danced. If you want to dance, you can start from the spot with your right foot, freely swing your hand and do the four-beat three-step method. After the singing section begins, the dance steps stop and the dancers sing in unison with great enthusiasm. It mainly aims to express the emotions of music and convey the content of dance. When the lyrics were over, the dancers gathered, facing the audience directly. They spread out their sleeves and shirts, stepped forward with their right foot, and then let out a cry, similar to a unified step, sometimes moving forward and sometimes trailing behind. Take a few steps with a carefree and elegant expression, sometimes to the left and then to the right, making a few circular motions. From time to time, flick your sleeves and rotate your wrists to perform a dragging step salute. Finally, make a kicking rhythm with your feet.