知识点（一）“堆谐”歌舞的发展历史与表现形式

1．“堆谐”歌舞的文化发展历史  

“堆谐”是流传在堆地区的一种歌、舞、乐融为一体的自娱性民间歌舞。“堆”的藏文直译是“上部”或“西部”，“谐”的译意是“歌舞”。《堆谐》是最早流传于雅鲁藏布江流域，地势高耸的日喀则以西至阿里整个地区的歌舞，后来逐渐盛行于拉萨。是最早出现的由六弦琴乐器伴奏的舞蹈。2008年6月7日，西藏自治区拉孜县申报的“堆谐”经国务院批准列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

这种自娱性艺术形式，最早只是在偏远的堆地区由民众中代代相传，并不被许多人知晓或认识。17世纪中期，每年六月至七月初都会在拉萨举行“雪顿节”。到了17世纪末，“雪顿节”又渐渐演变成“藏戏节”。在雪顿节期间会举行由各个地方的藏戏队带来的藏戏表演。当时，在后藏“穷巴藏戏团”的藏戏中，穿插了由六弦琴进行伴奏的《堆谐》男子舞蹈，舞蹈的不拘一格和欢快、热烈，引起了人们的新奇和惊喜。“堆谐”传到拉萨后，很快风靡一时，成为了拉萨人民非常喜爱的音乐歌舞。

2．“堆谐”歌舞的表现形式

“堆谐”边弹边唱边跳，顿地为节，连臂踏歌，多以脚下的点子和动作为主，情绪欢快、热情，动作灵巧，自娱性很强。由于它属于自娱性性民间歌舞范畴，它的表演不需要正规舞台，也没有固定的演出时间和地点，在劳动的空余时间，或逢年过节和婚礼庆典上，大家聚在一起，便可边唱边舞。领舞者站在最前面或最中间，手持“扎念琴”大家一起跟着边唱边舞。可以说哪里跳起了“堆谐”，哪里就有人们欢快的笑声。

Knowledge Point 1 The development history and forms of expression of "Duixie" dance and song

1.The cultural development history of "Duixie" dance and song

     "Duixie" is a kind of self-entertaining folk song and dance that integrates singing, dancing and music and is popular in the Dui area. The literal translation of "Dui" in Tibetan is"upper"or"west", and "Xie" is translated as" dance and song ". "Duixie" was the earliest dance and song that spread throughout the entire area from the lofty Xigaze west to Ngari in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. Later, it gradually became popular in Lhasa. It was the earliest dance accompanied by a six-stringed instrument. On June 7, 2008, "Duixie" submitted by Lazi County, Tibet Autonomous Region, was approved by The State Council to be included in the second batch of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List.      This form of self-entertainment art was originally passed down from generation to generation among the people in remote areas and was not known or recognized by many people. In the mid-17th century, the "Shoton Festival" was held in Lhasa from June to early July every year. By the end of the 17th century, the "Shoton Festival" gradually evolved into the "Tibetan Opera Festival". During the Shetton Festival, Tibetan opera performances brought by Tibetan opera troupes from various places will be held. At that time, in the Tibetan opera of the "Qiongba Tibetan Opera Troupe" in the back of Tibet, the male dance "Duixie" accompanied by a six-stringed lute was interspersed. The dance's unconventional style, cheerful and passionate nature aroused people's novelty and surprise. After "Duixie" was introduced to Lhasa, it soon became very popular and became a favorite music and dance among the people of Lhasa.

2 .The form of expression of "Duixie" dance and song      "Duixie" involves playing, singing and dancing at the same time. It is characterized by sudden pauses and one-armed singing. It mainly focuses on the ideas and movements under the feet. The mood is cheerful and enthusiastic, the movements are agile and it has a strong self-entertainment effect. As it falls within the category of self-entertaining folk songs and dances, its performance does not require a formal stage, nor does it have a fixed performance time or location. During spare time from work, or during festivals and wedding celebrations, people gather together and can sing and dance at the same time. The lead dancer stands at the very front or the very middle, holding the "Zanian zither", and everyone sings and dances along together. It can be said that wherever "dui Xie" is played, there will be people's cheerful laughter.