1. Introdution

1.2  The nature of covalent bonds

In this section, you need to know the following aspects:

1) The nature of covalent bond: sharing the electrons

2) Orbital overlap forms the covalent bonds

3) Sigma bonds: orbital overlap by head to head, s-s, p-p, s-p, sp3-s, p-p, sp3-sp3, sp2-sp2  and so on.

4) π bonds: orbital overlap by sideways: p-p 

5) Bond parameters: bond length, bond angle, bond energy, dipole moment,polarity of covalent bond.

6) Electronegativity: intrinsic ability to abstract sharing electrons

7) Inductive effects: electron shifting in covalent bonds by nearby atoms

8) Explain the experimental facts using inductive effects

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