教学过程

主要教学内容

准备阶段

预习导航

Have a dictation of last part.

情境导入

Watch the following sentences, tell what functions do they have in the main clauses?

When you come to the department store, you find that there are a lot of things on sale.

Nobody gets anything unless they ask for it.

If I went back on the train it’ll be cheaper.

探究阶段

探索新知

Step1. Greetings

Step2. Presentation.

1、名词变复数构成方法及读音规则

2、名词复数的不规则变化

1） child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teeth

　　mouse---miceman---menwoman---women

　　注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。

2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。

3） 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：

　　peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle.

4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：

　　a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。

　　b. news 为不可数名词。

　　c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。

　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

　　d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：

　　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）　trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。

6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。

7） 有些表示生物的名词，其复数形式与单数相同。如：fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer。这类名词还有aircraft, means等

状语从句讲解：

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：

　　1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词)

　　2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)

　　3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)

　　4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)

　　5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）

　　状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。

　　状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:

1． 时间状语从句

　　常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

　　特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

　　I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

　　While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

　　The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard.

　　No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain.

　　Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2． 地点状语从句

　　常用引导词：where

　　特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

　　Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

　　Wherever you go, you should work hard.

　　地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：

　　句型1：Where+地点从句，（there）+主句。

　　【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：

　　Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。

　　They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

　　You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。

　　Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民就得解放。

　　句型2：Any/where+地点从句/主句。

　　【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如：

　　Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。

3． 原因状语从句

　　常用引导词：because, since, as, for

　　特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.

　　My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

　　Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

　　The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

4． 目的状语从句

　　常用引导词：so that, in order that

　　特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

　　The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

　　The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5． 结果状语从句

　　常用引导词：so … that, such … that,

　　特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

　　He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

　　It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

　　To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

6． 条件状语从句

　　常用引导词：if, unless,

　　特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that

　　We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

　　You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

　　Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7． 让步状语从句

　　常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

　　特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

　　Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

　　尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。

　　The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

　　No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

　　He won’t listen whatever you may say.

8． 比较状语从句

　　常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

　　特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

　　She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

　　The house is three times as big as ours.

　　The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

　　Food to men is what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

9． 方式状语从句

　　常用引导词：as, as if, how

　　特殊引导词：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do.

She behaved as if she were the boss.

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

巩固练习

1.It is 50 years _____________the People’s Republic of China was founded.

A. after        B. before        C. when       D. since

2.  ___________the sun rises, all the stars in the sky disappear.

A. The moment      B. Before       C. Till        D. For

总结阶段

总结评价

In this class, we should be able to master what we have learned.

拓展提升

1. —What was the party like?

—Wonderful. It’s years __________I enjoyed myself so much.

A. after      B. before      C. when       D. since

2. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _______Father was away in France.

A. as         B. that        C. during        D. if

3. Why do you want a new job __________you got such a good one already?

A. that     B. where      C. which        D. when

4. After the war, a new school building was put up ___________there had once been a theatre.

A. that          B. where       C. which         D. when

5. You will be late ______________you leave immediately.

A. unless      B. until       C. if      D. or