学术写作词汇替换练习

提示：用方框里的词汇替代句子里的黑体词，每个词汇只能使用一次，并且可能需要改变词汇的语法形式。

1 – Word substitution

1. If a company does not observe health and safety laws, it may be fined very heavily if any of its workers are injured.

2. For many years, $4 was equal to £1.

3. University regulations state that students must pass 18 modules to graduate.

4. Anybody driving a car is obliged by law to have insurance.

5. On the basis of their examination results, it was clear that most students had completely misunderstood the first part of the paper.

6. Many people think that oil will run out in the next 100 years, but they are assuming that we will continue to use oil at the same rate as today.

7. Most electrical products have a one- or two-year warranty in case something should go wrong.

8. One problem facing overseas students is adapting to new teaching techniques.

9. The fact that crime increases when unemployment goes up seems to suggest a link between the two.

10. It may cost an overseas student around £15,000 per year to live and study in Britain, which is a very large amount of money.

11. The lecturer gave the students a 10 minute break before continuing with the rest of her lecture.

12. At the end of her talk, the lecturer finished with a brief review of the main points.

2 – Word substitution

1. Over the previous ten years, we have seen an enormous growth in the number of home personal computers.

2. Lecturers often speak more loudly and more slowly when they want to stress an important point.

3. One important function of newspapers is to uncover dishonest behaviour and wrong-doing by those in power.

4. The organisation of the company has changed completely, with far fewer senior managers.

5. The decision to give longer prison sentences indicated a hardening of the government's attitude towards drug offenders.

6. The new computer system created a lot of interest among potential customers.

7. When the government increased the tax on petrol, there was a resultant rise in transport costs.

8. In the first instance, the blood passes out of the heart, through the lungs and along the arteries before reaching the small blood vessels within the skin.

9. Until the sixteenth century, the idea that the Earth moves around the Sun was regarded as a ridiculous idea, whereas today we accept this concept as completely normal.

10. Pollution is a problem which has an effect on every country today.

11. Most economists forecast that China will become a leading world economy in the twenty-first century.

12. One difficult aspect of writing an essay is selecting material which is relevant to the topic and excluding irrelevant information.

13. The company has experienced a number of significant changes in the last few years.

14. The first thing to do is to choose the courses which you would like to study and then look at each university prospectus.

3 – Word substitution

1. Environmentalists are keen to persuade us to throw away rubbish and waste in more environmentally-friendly ways.

2. Poisonous substances released into the sea may be absorbed by fish and then find their way into the human food chain.

3. A growing number of scientists find it plausible that other life forms may exist elsewhere in the universe.

4. Some countries have such great economic problems that they are forced to depend on aid from richer countries in order to feed their inhabitants.

5. Before accepting an overseas student, a university will make sure that the student's English is sufficient.

6. The North Americans use more energy and resources than any other nation.

7. Although Mozart lived for only 40 years, he achieved a great deal in his short life.

8. At examination time, go to the library early as all the places tend to be filled very quickly.

9. Because of its economic and military strength, the USA exercises considerable influence over world politics.

10. He suffers from a lack of self-confidence, as shown by his very poor examination results.

11. Prisoners are sometimes released from prison early if their behaviour has been good.

12. If global warming continues, many regions of the world will become drier while others may become wetter.

4 – Word substitution

1. The prisoner claimed that he had been attacked by the police, but there was no evidence to prove this.

2. Because of the possible link between disease in cows and humans, many companies stopped trading in British beef and associated products.

3. Your research proposal doesn't need to be too detailed: keep it simple and concentrate on the main points.

4. Global warming will change the way we live: everybody will experience some change.

5. Following an air accident, investigators examine every piece of the wreckage to determine the cause of the crash.

6. The most recent management thinking encourages managers to listen more carefully to the ideas of their employees.

7. During the last twenty-five years, there has been a significant increase in the number of overseas students in British universities.

8. When the interest in the company declined, the value of its shares began to fall.

9. The government's refusal to accept the result of the election prompted thousands of people to come out on to the streets and protest.

10. As so many jobs require good skills, there is a pool of people who are unemployed because they do not have any skills.

11. A number of universities are worried about legal action in the law courts by students who are dissatisfied with their courses.

5 – Word substitution

1. Those who support military service claim that it promotes discipline, while opponents argue that such service disrupts young people's education.

2. Most metals shrink as they become cooler.

3. Although not all the votes have been counted, initial results suggest that the President has won the election.

4. In spite of a massive advertising campaign, only a very small proportion of consumers made a permanent change in their buying habits.

5. If you look at this second chart, you can see that unemployment has been in decline for the past six years.

6. Although the factory had to be closed, all the employees were relocated to another factory belonging to the same company.

7. Some organisations have a dress code which lays down what their employees should wear.

8. Although the two cases seemed to be identical, one lawyer showed that there were some slight differences between them.

9. One of the many effects of the hole in the ozone layer is that increased radiation will delay the growth of plants and lead to food shortages.

10. Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen.

11. The prisoner said repeatedly that he was innocent until he was released.

6 – Word substitution

1. The lecturer tried to explain her point more clearly by using another example more familiar to her students.

2. It is impossible to grow crops without an adequate supply of water.

3. By the age of three, most children are able to talk with an adult in a limited fashion.

4. Because of unhappy childhood experiences, he is disposed to believe that most people are basically very selfish.

5. During examinations, students are not allowed to talk to or help other students in any way.

6. Students should not read every page of a book but instead identify and then take out only those ideas which are relevant.

7. Some students will stay up all night to finish their work, but it is impossible to maintain this for very long and so it is not recommended.

8. One of the main causes of the increase in inner-city lawlessness is the number of young people dependent on drugs.

9. Heavy smokers have a tendency to develop lung cancer and other serious illnesses.

10. In recent environmental demonstrations, campaigners have protested against the building of new roads.

7 – Word substitution

1. In many types of music, some kind of drum is used to provide the beat.

2. Some products are exported and may not be available at all in the home market.

3. There is growing pressure on governments to protect forests and wild animals.

4. If you wish to travel or work before studying, it is possible to postpone your entry to university by one year.

5. Companies often give employees inducements such as bonuses and pay rises to encourage them to work harder.

6. It is now common organisational policy for a company to have a mission statement explaining the aim of the organisation.

7. Only a small proportion of the competitors in the Olympic Games actually win a medal.

8. Agoraphobia can be defined as a dread of large, open spaces, its opposite being claustrophobia.

9. During the 1930's, the sale of strong drink was illegal in the USA, and yet consumption of drink actually increased.

10. I am impressed by her business sense, and I thought that her decision not to expand the company showed a great deal of wisdom.

11. Rather than use force, the authorities tried to have discussions with the terrorists to secure the release of the hostages.

12. Increasingly, employers are keen to recruit people who have at least a basic ability in computing.

13. The 1949 revolution in China was successful because the agricultural workers and farmers gave their support to the communists.

8 – Word substitution

1. In the twentieth century, Britain developed gradually from an industrial economy into a service economy.

2. The independence of the United States of America was announced in 1776.

3. Many companies in the developed world are trying to provide for older customers as the proportion of young people decreases.

4. The witness was so nervous that he refused to give evidence when the case came to court.

5. There is a very real danger that medicines currently used to treat infection will become completely ineffective if they are used too often and indiscriminately.

6. One of the most important skills to learn as a student is how to make use of your time effectively.

7. Despite the efforts of the doctors, it was not possible to notice any real improvement in the condition of the patient.

8. Most animals will attack other animals which try to enter their space.

9. In the course of a trial, lawyers are forbidden to mention or even refer to any previous criminal activity the accused may have been responsible for in the past.

10. The government has decided to initiate an investigation into the increase in deaths from drugs.

11. Revolutionaries overpowered the troops holding the radio station so that they could announce the change of government to the people.

9 – Word substitution

1. The yearly external examiners' meeting is held at the end of every academic year to discuss the examination papers which the students have written.

2. He is a very pleasant colleague, and very proficient at his job.

3. The workers went on strike as they viewed the management's plans as an attack on their job security.

4. Some psychologists think our language ability is intrinsic, while others think that we know nothing about language at birth.

5. Because of reports that the meat was not safe, all sales were halted until more tests could be carried out.

6. Aluminium is a very suitable substance for aircraft because it is light and strong.

7. The International Space Station circles the Earth about every 90 minutes.

8. The noise of the explosion echoed through the empty streets.

9. Most of the money was spent on salaries, with the remainder used for new equipment.

10. Some industry experts believe that the Internet will supplant television and all programmes will be viewed from a computer.

11. He lost a great deal of political support because his speeches were so full of uncertainty and anomalies.

10 – Word substitution

1. The minister resigned because many people felt that his behaviour was at variance with his role in public life.

2. The clear increase in skin cancer has been attributed to the fact that more people now take holidays in hot countries.

3. The new law course attempts to cover all aspects of international law.

4. Some people argue that robots in the home will liberate us from having to do the housework in the not too distant future.

5. A significant number of students decide to study for a Master's degree to boost their knowledge.

6. The USA is composed of 50 states.

7. In Britain, the Queen must give her agreement to a new law before it can come into force.

8. The result of the experiment was a complete surprise to everyone: the new process was a success!

9. The market for cars in Europe is almost full to capacity, forcing car manufacturers to look for customers elsewhere.

10. A recent survey has found that most people have only an uncertain understanding of how and why we study theoretical science.

11. Wages and inflation are closely linked, in that as one rises or falls so does the other.

11 – Word substitution

1. In some cases, the patients did not make any improvement, but generally the treatment was a huge success.

2. While a few students stay in university halls of residence, the majority of students choose to rent their own accommodation at some point in their studies.

3. In the course of a marathon, a runner needs to drink water periodically in order to make up for the liquid lost through sweating.

4. Before starting work on your dissertation, make sure that you have discussed the subject with your supervisor.

5. Staff responsible for examining aircraft checked the plane and declared it unsafe.

6. Some students find it very confusing when a lecturer changes from the topic under discussion to share a joke with his audience.

7. The stories of Charles Dickens give us a very clear picture of life in Britain in the nineteenth century.

8. Many students complained when the university failed to keep its promise to allow students 24 hour access to the computer centre.

9. Each time the star rotates, it sends out a radio signal which we can detect on Earth, allowing us to calculate the speed of rotation.

10. It is absolutely essential that you check your examination entries to make sure they are correct; if they are not you may not be allowed to sit your examination.

11. Most universities have found that demand for engineering courses has decreased, while new subjects such as media studies have become very popular.

12. The amounts of money owed by some Third World countries were so enormous that in many cases it was decided to cancel the debts since they would probably never have been repaid.