Unit 9 Confessions of a Miseducated Man
I. Pre-class Work
1. Read the text and listen to the recording. Try to understand as much as possible with the help of the notes, glossary, dictionaries and reference books. Think over the following questions:
ü What does the writer mean by giving the word ‘miseducated’?
ü Do you agree with the writer that he has been miseducated?
ü Have you been miseducated? If yes, miseducated in what ways?
II. Warm up
What is a confession?
• a formal statement that you’ve done sth. wrong or illegal;
• a private statement to a priest about the bad things you’ve done
Tell the differences between ‘miseducated’ & ‘uneducated’.
An uneducated person is one who has received no formal school education while a miseducated person is one who has received formal education but is educated in a wrong way.
Questions and answers
• Did you well predict the topic of the essay? Why or why not?
• What would you see as the biggest difference among human beings, language, religion, or political /ideological system?
• What is their most important similarity?
• Do you agree if some people say that globalization is the strategy of cultural differences?
• What does the author want to say in the essay?
• Can you pick out the sentence(s) you think best express(es) his idea?
• According to the author, what is the most important similarity among human beings? Do you agree with him on that?
• What are those “superficial differences”?
• Is it true that there are more similarities than differences in human beings?
III,Background
1.Author
Some of his life history possibly related to the essay:
• Born in New Jersey, 1915 and deceased in 1990;
• Educated in and graduated from Columbia University Teachers College;
• Editor of Saturday Review for 35 yrs;
• Lifelong concerns including world peace, world governance, justice, human freedom, health, etc.;
• Proponent of world federalism and world government;
• Traveled extensively in Europe and Asia and then published Who Speaks for Man? in 1953;
2.What is world federalism?
• "This is the essence of world federalism: to seek to invest legal and political authority in world institutions to deal with problems which can only be treated at the global level ...."
• World Federalism means having democratically accountable political institutions to deal with issues at the most appropriate level, according to the principle of subsidiarity, e.g. Thus local decisions should be taken at local level, national decisions at national level, and global decisions at global level.
• (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbiac/World%20Federalism.htm)
VI.Text analysis
1.Structure:
Part I (para.1-4): In what way I was miseducated.
Part II (para.5-7): Why this education was inadequate
Part III (para.8-10): What kind of education we need.
Part IV (para.11): What this new education may bring about.
1. Word study
comprehend:
v. a. to get the meaning of something
b. to include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one’s sphere or territory
Examples:
The judge said that it was difficult to comprehend why the police acted so in this matter.
The park comprehends all the land on the other side of the river.
comprehension n.
The problem is above/beyond my comprehension.
confession
Examples:
He made a confession.
Confession is the first step to repentance.
[谚]认罪是悔罪的第一步; 悔过必先认错。
Open confession is good for the soul.
[谚]直认无讳, 身心泰然。
destiny
Example:
a master of one’s own destiny
cf.
He was destined to be an actor.
The destination of his study is the law.
hostile: unfriendly; showing dislikes
hostile to a person/ a country/ a nation
be hostile to Christianity
be hostile to reform/ any change
a man hostile to war 反战人士
hostility n.
They showed an open hostility to…
There is much hostility against America.
occupy: v. a. to engage or engross wholly
b. to keep busy with
c. to take; use up
Examples:
The workers were occupied in building new houses.
He occupies an important position in the Ministry of Education.
persist: . a. to refuse to stop
b. to continue to exist
Examples:
persist in the study of English
On the top of very high mountains snow persists throughout the year.
preference: n. a. grant of favor or advantage to one over another
b. the right or chance to choose; a predisposition in favor of something
Examples:
A teacher should not show preference for any one of his pupils.
preference bond 优先股
cf.
preferential right 优先权
You may come, preferably, in the morning.
respond
Examples:
I offered him a drink but he didn’t respond.
The plane responds well to the controls.
respond by a nod
respond with a smile
superficial: a. involving a surface only; not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually; of little substance or significance
superficial water 地面水
superficial feet 平方英尺
superficial knowledge 肤浅的知识
superficial extent 面积
supreme: a. a. greatest in status or authority or power
b. highest in excellence or achievement
Examples:
The most important law court is called the Supreme Court.
supreme courage 最大的勇气
supreme disgust 极端的厌恶
the supreme test of fidelity 忠诚最后的考验
supreme good 至善
all but: almost; nearly
Examples:
It’s all but impossible.
an all but impossible task
All but the morning star have disappeared.
All but one were present.
wipe out: to get rid of; destroy all of
Examples:
wipe out a stain/deficits/illiteracy
The entire population was wiped out by the terrible disease.
The cost of the new building will wipe out all the company’s profits this year.
give way (to): a. to admit defeat in an argument or fight
b. to break under pressure; collapse
c. to have its place taken by
d. to allow oneself to show
Examples:
My new evidence forced him to give way.
The floor gave way under the heavy weight.
Steam trains gave way to electric trains.
He gave way to tears.
take in: a. to provide lodgings for (a person)
b. to include
c. to understand fully; grasp
d. to deceive
Examples:
He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in.
This is the total cost of the holiday, taking everything in.
It took me a long time to take in what you were saying.
Don’t be taken in by his promise.
come forward: to offer oneself to fill a position; give help to the police, etc.
Examples:
Only two people have come forward for election to the committee.
No one has come forward with any information about the murder.
in terms of/ in… terms: with regard to; from the point of view of
Examples:
The book has been well reviewed, but in terms of actual sales it hasn’t been very successful.
In business terms the project is not really viable, but it would add to the prestige of the company.
3.Detailed analysis:
Part I
Ø What kind of test does the author suggest?
Ø What marks the differences between the world in 1850 and the world now?
Ø Why is “Asia and Africa” the best place to apply the test?
Ø What does the author’s education teach him? Give examples.
Ø Why does he say that his education “protected me against surprise”?
Ø What does the education fail to teach him? Do you agree with him?
Ø What time doe it possibly refer to in “at a time” at the end of para.4?
Sentences paraphrase:
1.“These notes are in nature of a confession. It is the confession of a miseducated man.”
What is a confession? Are there any differences between a miseducated man and an uneducated man?
Confession means statements of one’s past misconception or wrong thinking. An uneducated person has received no formal education from school while a miseducated person has received formal education but is educated in the wrong way.
2. I have become most aware of my lack of a proper education whenever I have had the chance to put it to the test.
Whenever I have had the chance to find out how good my education was, I have always been disappointed to realize that I was extremely short of a proper education.
3. And the best place to apply that test is outside the country – especially Asia and Africa?
And the best place to carry out that test is to go and live in a foreign country, especially Asia and Africa.
4. Not that my education was a complete failure.
It was not that my education was a complete failure. I did not mean that my education was completely useless.
5. “It prepared me very well for a bird’s-eye view of the world.” What does a bird’s –eye view of the world tell people?
A bird’s-eye view of the world refers to a very general view of the world, a view that lacks depth and subtlety. Such view of the world can only give you a general and superficial impression of the world.
6. But my education failed to do was to teach me that the principal significance of such differences was that they were largely without significance.
However, my education couldn’t tell me that seemingly significant differences of cultures, living styles etc., actually mean nothing.
7. The differences were all but wiped out by the similarities. My education had by-passed the similarities.
The differences became so insignificant compared with the similarities, they were almost completely pushed aside and forgotten. My education had avoided the similarities.
8. It had failed to grasp and define the fact that beyond the differences are realities scarcely comprehended because of their very simplicity.
My education could not state such a simple fact that if you go beyond the differences you find realities or true facts that people hardly understand precisely because they are so simple and obvious.
9. And the simplest reality of all was that the human community was one – greater than any of its parts, greater than the separateness imposed by nations, greater than the different faiths and loyalties or the depth and color of varying cultures.
And the simplest fact was that the human community was one organic whole, and the whole is always bigger and more important than the parts. Today the world is divided into nations which force the world to become separate parts. But no single nation is more important the whole of humanity, and differences in their religious faiths, political or national loyalties, or their cultures should not be allowed to blind us to the basic things they all share.
10. This larger unity was the most important central fact of our time – something on which people could build at a time when hope seemed misty; almost unreal.
This larger unity was the most important central fact of our time – something people could use as a basis for further develop at a time when hope seemed to be unclear, not very bright, and almost non-existent.
Part II
Ø What is “the idea” in the first sentence of para.5?
Ø What are the things “I had to forget” in para.5 ?
Ø When was possibly “only a few years ago”?
Ø What does “an education in differences of references” possibly mean?
Sentences paraphrase
1. Indeed, the idea is a truth which all peoples readily accept even if they do not act on it. Let me put it differently.
People from every nation are willing to accept the truth even if they do not take any action in accordance with it. Let me say it in a different way.
2. It turned out that my ability to get along with other peoples depended not so much upon my comprehension of the uniqueness of their way of life as my comprehension of the things we had in common.
It is discovered finally that I can successfully deal with people in other countries not because I can understand the differences of their way of life, but because I know the things we share.
3. When you got through comparing notes, you discovered that you were both talking about the same neighborhood, i.e., this planet, and the conditions that made it pleasant or hostile to human life.
After you exchanged the view with each other, you found that you were actually talking about the same thing, things about the community and living condition which made it difficult or pleasant for people to live.
4.Only a few years ago an education in differences of references fulfilled a specific if limited need. That was at a time when we thought of other places or peoples largely out of curiosity or in terms of unusual vacations.
In the past, our education only focused on the differences of this things or places, which could satisfy our needs though such needs were limited. That was at a time when we were interested in other places and peoples because they were exotic and therefore would make our vacation exciting.
5. It was the mark of a rounded man to be well traveled and to know about the amazing variations of human culture and behavior. But it wasn’t the type of knowledge you had to live by and build on.
Pay attention to the sense group. The word “had” and the word “to” belong to two different sense groups. The infinitive phrase “to live by and build on” is an attribute of the word “knowledge”.
The standard of a well-developed man should have a lot of traveling experiences and have the knowledge about amazing differences of human culture and behavior. But such knowledge you possess wasn’t the thing you can depend on to make a living and develop your own life.
6. Far-flung areas which had been secure in their remoteness suddenly became crowded together in a single arena.
The very distant areas which had existed separately for a long time suddenly were brought on to a small and crowded stage. Modern transportation has shortened distances. Therefore no country is free from outside influence.
7. “And all at once a new type of education became necessary, an education in liberation from tribalism.” (paragraph 7) What do “in liberation from” and “tribalism” mean respectively?
“In liberation from” means “set sb free”. “Tribalism” originally refers to behavior and attitudes that are based on strong loyalty to a tribe. Scholars believe that modern regionalism, racism, and nationalism are merely more refined forms of primitive tribalism.
8. For tribalism had persisted from earlier times, though it had taken refined forms.
Tribalism emerged from earlier times, and existed till now. The form of tribalism has varied with the time.
9. The new education had to teach man the most difficult lesson of all: to look at someone anywhere in the world and be able to recognize the image of himself.
The most difficult lesson of the new education is how we can see that everybody we see in the world is just like us / how we can find similarities between others in the world and us so as at see our own image from anyone we see in the world.
10. The old emphasis upon superficial differences had to give way to education for mutuality and for citizenship in the human community.
The focus of education should no longer be the apparent but not real differences among peoples. The old-fashioned education should be replaced by the education of mutual respect and understanding, the education on how to be a qualified citizen in the global community.
Part III
Ø What is the fact exactly in “we begin with the fact that universe itself does not hold life cheaply”?
Ø What sort of faculty or gift is “a creative intelligence”?
Ø What does it enable man to do in the author’s view?
Ø Can you explain “to reflect and foresee, to take in past experience, and also to visualize future needs”?
Ø How would you understand “Next in order would be instruction in the unity of human needs”?
Ø Why does the author say “However friendly the universe may be, it has left the conditions of human existence precariously balanced”? What are “the conditions of human existence”?
Ø How can we use “self-understanding in the cause of human welfare”?
Ø What are “the engines we have created that threaten to alter the precarious balance on which life depends”? Can you give some examples?
Sentences paraphrase
1. “… the universe itself does not hold life cheaply.” (paragraph 8) What does “not hold life cheaply” mean?
“Not hold life cheaply” means “to hold something dear, to think that something is important.”
2. In such an education we begin with the fact the universe itself does not hold life cheaply. Life is a rare occurrence among the millions of galaxies and solar systems that occupy space.
So far we have not yet decided any sign of life outer space. Some scientists say that we may very well be alone in the universe. This should tell us how precious life is. And the respect for life is the very basis on which we must build the future world community.
3.Among those faculties and gifts is a creative intelligence that enables man to reflect and foresee, to take in past experience, and also to visualize future needs.
Off all the faculties humans have, the most important is their creative intelligence that makes it possible for them to think and foresee, to understand and remember past experience, and to prepare for future needs.
take in sth: to learn about and understand sth
• I told Grandpa we were going away, but I don’t think he took it in.
• It is hard for children to take in the full meaning of social responsibility.
4.There are endless other wonderful faculties, the workings of which are not yet within our understanding…
Human beings have numerous such wonderful abilities; we still don’t understand how they work.
the workings of which are not yet within our understanding: a non-defining relative clause modifying faculties. Note how such relative clauses begin: noun phrase+ prep. + which/whom. This is used in formal English.
More examples:
At about 10 p.m. he went to see a movie, the name of which he said he had forgotten.
He likes to use big pompous words, the meanings of which are never clear.
the workings of sth: the ways in which sth operates
5….communicating in it across time and space…
Communicating in print without the restriction of time and space; that is, people today learn about the past in what people wrote in previous ages; people living far apart can learn about each other through their writings.
6….that something in them enables them to respond deeply to forms and colors and ordered sounds.
Something in them: a certain ability they possess
Respond to sth: to have a particular reaction to sth
It is said that cows respond to certain mode of music, which enables them to produce more milk.
Even very young premature babies respond to their mothers’ presence.
forms and colors and ordered sounds: referring to literature, architecture, art and music
1. Next in order would be instruction in the unity of human needs.
The next important thing would be to get people to realize that all human needs are a unified whole.
The unity of human needs: the delicate balance or interdependence of human needs
2. Remove any one of these and the unity of human needs is attacked and the human race with it.
If we take away one of these things, they unity of human needs will be destroyed and the human race would also perish.
and: as a result, used to introduce an adverbial clause of result after an imperative clause
3. …how to control the engines we have created that threaten to alter the precarious balance on which life depends…
Here the word “engines” is used figuratively to stand for all the technological developments human beings have achieved. Human beings have invented a great many things to give us more power and to make our life easier. But these human creations are now threatening the balance of our environmental conditions.
Part IV
Ø What does “some nation or people” possibly refer to in the text?
Ø What sort of “leadership” is the author talking about?
Sentences paraphrase:
1….some nation or people may come forward not only with vital understanding but with vital inspiration that people needs no less than food.
The author is hoping that some nation or people may come forward to take up the responsibility to lead us in solving the present problems, a country which understands the vital human needs and can give the rest of the world important inspiration. It is clear that the author is hoping that his own country, the United States, will be able to play that role. He did not say it, but he implied it, believing as many of his countrymen did that such is their “manifest destiny.”
2.Leadership on this higher level does not require mountains of gold or thundering propaganda.
The author here is not talking about economic, political, or military leadership. He is talking about moral or spiritual leadership, thus “leadership of a higher level”.
thundering propaganda: very loud or noisy propaganda
Writing skills
Repetition for emphasis
Repetition is a technique frequently used by writers and speakers for emphasis. In paragraph 3,4 and 9 of the text, not only the structure but the key words are repeated while in paragraph 10 only the structure of “how to do sth.” is repeated.
IV. After-class work
1.Read aloud Para. 2—7 and memorize Para. 2 and Para. 7.
2.List all the useful phrase and expressions in the text.
3.Write an essay to summarize the writer’s arguments.

